Gadgetory

hello there - Gary Sims from Android or authority now the turn of the century Intel and AMD ends into a race to see who could release the first one gigahertz desktop CPU and I remember buying my first CPU my first PC with a 1 gigahertz CPU from AMD core single core back in those days and it was great it was an exciting time however it did underline and reinforce a false idea which is that megahertz is the most important thing about a CPU design in fact is not because for example is more important how many instructions can be executed for every one of those megahertz and that gives us the phrase instructions per cycle so what are instructions per cycle and are they important for today's of modern CPU designs well let me explain now Before we jump into this I just want to say this is a quite complicated topic now I've written an article that you'll find over at the Android or thority com website which really will be a good reference to back up this video so if you don't understand something you can rewatch the video obviously but do head over to an approach comm and read the articles maybe that will help if you want to ask me questions then I would suggest you go over to Andrew or thority comm forums because there we have more liberty to discuss freely I don't think that all the questions could be answered here in the YouTube comments though I will try if you ask them so let's get cracking now back in the days of 8-bit microprocessor 's the way a processor would work was like this it would fetch an instruction which of course was in main memory it would bring it into the CPU it would look at the instruction to see what it was it's a load 0 into register once it worked out what it had to do it actually do that thing it would execute it and then finally the results of that operation would need to be written back into the status registers in the CPU and that gave us four stages fetch decode execute and write back now back then protesters were generally sequential which meant that it would fetch it decode it execute it and write back and then it would go back and fix the next one and so on and so on that means it took four clock cycles to do one instruction so the instructions per clock cycle was in fact a quarter because it needed four stages four stages to make that instruction happen now of course one of the things that Henry Ford is famous for is inventing the idea of the mass production line when he built his Model T Ford car rather than taking a car from the beginning and working on it all way through to the end he has lots of cars on a production line that were being worked at at each station now that idea can actually be applied to processors rather than doing fetch decode execute write back and then go back to fetch decode actually while one instruction is being decoded another one can being fetched and then when that goes further down the line that same instruction is being executed there's one being decoded and there's one behind that being fetched and then finally they could be one during the write back stage one in the execution stage one in the decode stage and one in the fetch stage in fact there could be four different instructions in the pipeline going along at the same time now that means every clock cycle something is coming off the end of the production line off the Reese writ write back stage and that therefore gives you an instructions per cycle of one because every clock cycle something is happening and this idea can be extended even further if one of the stages is particularly time consuming then it can be broken down into smaller stages so rather than having four stages you might break down the decode into two separate stages or the three separate stage or you might break down the execution into three separate stages and therefore you might grow your pipeline in fact what they call these super pipeline CPUs most modern CPUs are might have eleven stages like cortex a7 t3 has it eleven stages in its pipeline the cortex a seventy-two from arm has fifteen stages in its pipeline now although we like to think of programs as being linear sequences of instructions in fact they aren't futures have a simple app in your hand and you press the one button then the program I jump off to a place to do one thing if you press the other button it will jump off to a place and do a think if I even a simple loop is in fact going down jumping back going down jumping back until a loop is completed and this branching causes a problem for CPUs because imagine you've got this 15 stage pipeline that's processing all these instructions that are ready to be executed and then you find out that the last instruction said will jump off somewhere else and do something completely different now all these instructions that are in the pipeline are rubbish that you can't use them and so the pipeline has to be emptied and it has to be filled up again with the latest instructions and that's called a branch penalty every time it happens the CPU has to do all this work which wastes time and lowers the performance so therefore CP using cluded technology called branch prediction particularly we think about a loop every time it goes around a loop it might do this loop bits a hundred times well for a hundred times every time it hits that branch it goes back up and does the same code again so if there was a clever bit of circle and say what are the chances of these sets of instructions being executed next the branch predictor would say yep I think there's a good chance and it goes ahead and that reduces the number of times that the pipeline has to be emptied now an interesting thing about the execute stage is that not all instructions take the same amount of time to execute you can imagine a loading 0 into a register is actually pretty simple for a CPU however multiplying two floating-point numbers is probably going to be a bit more complicated so therefore they get a bottleneck because if the CPUs is right now multiply these two floating-point numbers and then after that load zero into this register well that load 0 integer has to wait until all those floating-point operations are done but there's a thing called instruction level parallelism ILP which means that actually if the CP detects the next instruction doesn't have anything to do with the previous one so multiply these two numbers together is fine load zero into this register is not related to that then actually it can dispatch it can say will do this load while the floating-point operation is still going on now that means now the instructions per cycle has actually gone up it's greater than one at its peak it can be two and in normal running operation it's somewhere between because not all instructions can be man in a parallel fashion but there's more what is the CP you could look at the instructions that are coming and reorder them so that it executes them in an optimum fashion so that it has a load store operation going on at the same time as an integer add operation at the same time as a floating point multiplication instruction so that all parts of the CPU are being used simultaneously to bump up the parallelism to bump up the ILP well that's called out of order execution now not all CPUs are out of order execution CPUs for example the cortex a53 and the cortex a35 are in order they don't juggle around the instructions to try and optimize the execution and the reason for that is that out of order execution requires a lot of clever circuitry on the cpu to do all that scanning to work out what's coming up next to check whether it can really do that without mucking up the program and changing the results and therefore that requires more silicon and it requires more power because that circuitry is always on it's always being powered it's never being shut down because every time an instruction is executed it needs to be active to work out what's going on so the cortex a53 the quarters 8:35 are in order and therefore they're much more low-power CPUs now things like the court is a 57 the court is a 72 and the cortex a53 are all out of order CPUs and therefore they have an extra circuitry but of course they have that also that gain in performance now I talk about pipelines how long they are now in sort of technical speak of CPU design we talk about the depth how what's the depth of your pipelines that's the depth and then how many instruction units you have for executing the instructions floating point load branch and so on that's called the width so you have a width and a depth and these are two parameters that the designers can play with how long do they want the pipeline how why do they want the dispatch to be and of course these things have an impact on the performance of the CPU now when you come to having a wide CPU a lot of dispatch units lots of execution is that can do lots of instructions in parallel the problem is is you need to look how far ahead can you look to find the next instructions to keep all those little execution units busy and that's called the instruction window how far ahead can it keep searching to see what's available to stuff and those execution is out of order of course that it's doing it out of or it's scanning ahead to see what they can find now the bigger the instruction window the greater chance of having a high ILP high levels of parallelism because you can keep all those execution units busy the smaller the instruction window then there's a less chance of doing that so you have a smaller instruction window is probably better for the CPU to have a narrower not so wide execution stage now you would think great well then why don't we just have really wide and really deep CPUs and they have lots of instruction parallelism and everything is great the problem is first of all computer programs aren't necessarily paralleled by their nature there's a wall that you hit that where you say actually the idea of a computer program is that one thing has to happen and then another thing has to happen think about making a cake maybe you can add the ingredients in a different order sometimes but in other cases you have to do things in a certain order otherwise it's not going to work you can't put an egg in the oven and then crack it and put it in a bowl to add the flour you've got to do things in a certain order so that's called the ILP wall there's a parallelism wall a limit to how much parallelism can happen there's also a problem with very wide CPUs with a big instruction window and that is the internal timing is very tricky so though you do have the benefit of having a greater IPC instructions per cycle actually putting that together is quite hard so let's look at some of the CPUs from arm and Cole common Samsung Appl to see if we can work out how they're designing their CPUs so let's look at the clock frequencies of these CPUs the cortex a7 t2 can be clocked up to 2.5 gigahertz the cortex a7 t3 can be clocked up to 2.8 gigahertz and the Samsung Mongoose core can be clocked at a 2.6 gigahertz so these are all in the same ballpark but if you look at for example apples a 9 processor that runs at only 1.8 gigahertz so that's quite a big different about the previous generation the a8 only ran at 1.5 gigahertz and if you look at cryo core that runs at two point one Giga so it's kind of somewhere there in the middle but yet we can all safely say that the performance of these CPUs are all in the same ballpark there is not a big difference between the 1.8 gigahertz Apple and a 2.5 gigahertz a 72 in fact maybe the Apple is better in some situations so they're all in the same area of performance and yet they do have different clocks be significantly different clock speeds so what can we work out from that well what we can work out is that arm and Samsung are going with the idea of a narrower CPU probably quite deep in its pipeline but narrower and a higher clock speed so in this case the clock speed is very important because it's the clock speed that's giving you the overall performance now the other end of the scale we seem to have Apple who are working on a very wide CPU with a very big instruction window trying to do lots of out of order speculation about what can instructions can be executed next and because that's complicated they can only actually reach a speed at 1.8 gigahertz 1.5 gigahertz and the previous generation and therefore that gives us the idea of the design of their process however the performance the overall performance is actually coming out in the same area as these 2.5 2.6 and 2.8 CPUs and it looks like the cryo protesser from Qualcomm is somewhere in the middle 2.1 gigahertz but yet its performance is the same as or even better than the quarter is a 72 and the Mongoose and one that's a discussion for a different way about the relative performance but they're all in the same area so what can we tell from that Apple and Qualcomm seem to be going with wide lots of execution unit and a great amount of out of order speculation going on to try and get these execution units running full capacity as much level instruction level parallelism as possible and it seems that arm and Samsung are going with out of water still but maybe with a slightly narrower execution stage and trying to get that extra performance through the clock speed and so here we have two different philosophies now which philosophy is better well at the moment they're pretty much neck-and-neck one is better than the other than the Knik generation the other one's better than that and it kind of swings and roundabouts so there you have it there is instructions per cycle so don't compare a 1.8 gigahertz Apple a9 with a 2.8 gigahertz cortex a 73 and say oh well it's clearly what's going on here it's a bit more complicated in that instructions per cycle well my name is go sim from Android or thority I really hope you enjoyed this video if you did please do give it a thumbs up as I say 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